The Rest of the World Report | April 28, 2026 — Morning Edition
Iran War & Beyond
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1. BAYER IS AT THE SUPREME COURT. TRUMP SIGNED THE ORDER THAT HELPS THEM GET THERE.
On Monday morning, the United States Supreme Court heard oral arguments in Monsanto Company v. Durnell — a case that will determine whether tens of thousands of Americans who developed cancer after exposure to the weedkiller Roundup can sue the company that made it. Outside the court, hundreds of MAHA supporters rallied under the banner “The People vs. Poison.” Inside, Bayer’s lawyers argued that federal pesticide law preempts the state failure-to-warn claims that have produced billions in jury verdicts against the company. If they win, the door to litigation closes — not just for John Durnell, the Missouri man whose $1.25 million jury verdict is the case before the court, but for the tens of thousands of plaintiffs with similar claims pending across the country.
The case is straightforward in its facts and significant in its stakes. John Durnell sued Monsanto — now owned by Bayer — in Missouri state court, alleging that years of exposure to Roundup’s active ingredient, glyphosate, caused his non-Hodgkin lymphoma. A jury found that Monsanto failed to warn him of the risks and awarded $1.25 million in damages. Bayer is now arguing before the Supreme Court that the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act — the statute that gives the EPA authority to regulate pesticides — preempts any state-level failure-to-warn claims when the EPA itself has not required a cancer warning. The EPA, relying on its 2020 finding that glyphosate is “unlikely to be a human carcinogen,” does not require one. Bayer and the EPA are aligned. On the other side: the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer, which classified glyphosate as probably carcinogenic to humans more than a decade ago, and the juries that have consistently found against Bayer in state courts.
The contradiction at the center of this case is not subtle. The MAHA movement — Make America Healthy Again, the health reform constituency that backed Robert F. Kennedy Jr. and whose concerns about pesticides, food safety, and corporate influence over public health were central to the Trump coalition — turned out in force on Monday to oppose Bayer. Among the speakers at the “People vs. Poison” rally: Democratic Representative Chellie Pingree of Maine and Democratic Senator Cory Booker of New Jersey. MAHA activists carried signs reading “No Immunity for Poison” and “How Much Cancer is Acceptable?” They were rallying against a company whose position before the Supreme Court is being supported by Trump’s own EPA and whose legal exposure has been materially reduced by a Trump executive order signed in February decreeing glyphosate “critical to national defense” — a designation that legal experts say provides Bayer with broad forward-looking liability protection.
That executive order did not emerge from a neutral regulatory process. Bayer contributed $1 million to Trump’s 2025 inauguration. The company spent $9.2 million in 2025 lobbying Congress and the executive branch, hiring lobbyists with direct ties to Chief of Staff Susie Wiles and recently fired Attorney General Pam Bondi. Trump’s EPA is now arguing Bayer’s position before the Supreme Court. The MAHA movement that helped elect Trump is outside the building opposing it.
The congressional dimension is equally significant. After multiple failed attempts to embed immunity provisions in appropriations bills — opponents dubbed one the “Cancer Gag Act” — Bayer succeeded in inserting Section 10205 into the Farm, Food, and National Security Act of 2026, the revised Farm Bill that passed out of the House Agriculture Committee in early March. The provision would prevent states and local governments from issuing their own warnings about pesticide risks, making the EPA the sole authority for pesticide safety labeling. Seven Democrats voted for it in committee. A floor vote is expected, and the bill is projected to receive bipartisan support when it arrives. If the Supreme Court does not close the litigation door on Monday, Congress may yet do so through the Farm Bill.
The international dimension of this story is rarely covered in American media but is directly relevant. Bayer AG is a German company headquartered in Leverkusen. Glyphosate has been one of the most politically contested agricultural chemicals in the European Union for years — the EU renewed its license in 2023 over significant opposition, with France, Germany, and others pushing for restrictions. The WHO’s carcinogenicity classification, which Bayer contests, is the scientific foundation for the European regulatory debate. A US Supreme Court ruling that effectively immunizes Bayer from state-level cancer lawsuits will land in Europe as a definitive statement about which government — Washington or the WHO — American courts defer to on pesticide safety. A Reuters/Ipsos poll conducted this month found most Americans are concerned about pesticide use in food crops and oppose protecting companies from lawsuits when they sell cancer-causing products, even if the company issues warnings.
🇺🇸 What American readers need to know: The Trump administration is arguing Bayer’s position before the Supreme Court while the movement that helped elect Trump rallies outside against it. A February executive order has already reduced Bayer’s future liability. A provision in the Farm Bill would close the state warning door legislatively. And Bayer spent $9.2 million last year making sure all of this happened. The court’s decision — expected before the Supreme Court’s term ends — will determine whether the tens of thousands of cancer patients with Roundup lawsuits pending get their day in court, or whether the combination of a friendly EPA, a favorable executive order, and a preemption ruling ends the litigation permanently.
Sources: Reuters via US News (wire — MAHA rally, Durnell case details, poll findings, confirmed this session); Common Dreams (US, progressive — Supreme Court arguments, Pingree/Booker at rally, Farm Bill Section 10205, confirmed this session — note editorial lean, corroborated by Reuters); American Prospect / Center for Media and Democracy (US, center-left — Bayer lobbying figures, inauguration contribution, Farm Bill history, executive order legal analysis, confirmed this session — note editorial lean, corroborated by Reuters); AAAS Science (scientific publisher — glyphosate/WHO classification context, confirmed this session)
2. TRUMP FIRES THE SCIENTISTS
On Friday April 24, all 24 members of the National Science Board — the independent governing body that oversees the United States National Science Foundation, the country’s primary funder of basic scientific research — received a brief email from the White House Presidential Personnel Office. It read: “On behalf of President Donald J. Trump, I am writing to inform you that your position as a member of the National Science Board is terminated, effective immediately. Thank you for your service.” No explanation was given. No replacements have been announced.
The NSB is not an obscure advisory committee. Congress established it in 1950 with a specific statutory mandate: to advise both the president and Congress on national science policy and to provide independent oversight of the NSF, including the authority to approve its budget and authorize major expenditures. Its 24 members are presidentially appointed, serve staggered six-year terms, and are typically drawn from the senior ranks of academia, industry, and research institutions — the kind of bipartisan scientific establishment that has, until now, been understood as structurally insulated from political removal.
That insulation has ended. Among those fired was Roger Beachy, an emeritus biology professor at Washington University in St. Louis whom Trump himself reappointed to a second six-year term on the board in 2020. “The termination email was brief and to the point, with a ‘thank you for your service,’” Beachy told Al Jazeera on Monday. He said he expected the administration to appoint a new board but expressed concern about what research priorities such a board would pursue. Victor McCrary, the dismissed board chair and a vice provost at Catholic University of America, noted that the NSB had been effectively sidelined for months before the firing: the White House Office of Management and Budget had instructed NSF leadership not to share spending details with board members, and had issued major infrastructure directives — including an order to build a new Antarctic research icebreaker — without the board authorization the statute requires. “We would ask them, ‘Are you following board governance directives?’” said dismissed board member Keivan Stassun. “And their answer would be, in effect, ‘We don’t listen to you anymore.’”
The firings arrive against a backdrop of sustained institutional pressure on the NSF. The Trump administration proposed cutting the NSF budget by more than half in both 2025 and 2026 — Congress declined both times. The agency has lost more than 30 percent of its staff since January 2025. In December, it was forced to cede its own headquarters to another federal agency. New grants this year have been issued at a trickle. Some dismissed board members believe the firings were timed to prevent them from lobbying Congress to preserve the NSF’s budget for fiscal year 2027. Others suspect the board is being cleared to make way for loyalist appointees aligned with Jim O’Neill, a biotech investor nominated to be the next NSF director.
Representative Zoe Lofgren of California, the most senior Democrat on the House Science Committee, said the firing was “the latest stupid move made by a president who continues to harm science and American innovation” and warned that Trump would “fill the NSB with MAGA loyalists who won’t stand up to him.”
The international reaction has been direct. Al Jazeera covered the firings prominently Monday morning, framing them in the context of the Trump administration’s broader gutting of federal agencies — noting the parallel with the dismantling of USAID and the Department of Education. Nature and Scientific American, both internationally read scientific publications, reported the firings as an “unprecedented” breach of the board’s statutory independence. The NSF funds research that underpins American competitiveness in semiconductors, artificial intelligence, climate science, biotechnology, and basic physics. Its $9 billion annual budget supports the foundational science that commercial and defense industries depend on. The board that was legally mandated to govern that spending no longer exists.
The firings are landing on top of a brain drain that is already measurable and accelerating. A March 2026 survey published in Nature of more than 1,600 US scientists found that three-quarters had thought about leaving the country, with Europe and Canada the most cited destinations. Applications from US-based researchers to the European Research Council have nearly tripled in two years — from 60 early-career applications in the 2024 cycle to 169 in 2026; senior researcher applications from the US rose from 23 to 114 in the same period. The European Union has responded by devoting 500 million euros to its “Choose Europe for Science” initiative specifically to attract American researchers. Japan built a fund of ¥100 billion for the same purpose. France’s Aix-Marseille University launched a “Safe Place for Science” program and has already received hundreds of applications from US-based scientists. The dismissal of the NSB — the governing body of the institution that funds those researchers’ work — is the latest signal in a series that has been running for more than a year. “It’s the kind of thing you don’t see right away,” one former US postdoctoral researcher now based in Lithuania told Rolling Stone. “This takes time to manifest — sometimes because it has to get bad enough for people to decide to finally go somewhere else.”
🇺🇸 What American readers need to know: The NSF is not a regulatory agency or a policy shop — it is the institution that funds the science American industry and national security depend on. The board that Congress created to provide independent oversight of that $9 billion operation was fired on a Friday afternoon by email, without explanation, by a president who twice tried to cut the NSF’s budget in half and whose OMB had already begun bypassing the board’s statutory authority. The firing was not announced publicly. It was disclosed when board members told journalists. Three-quarters of US scientists surveyed this spring say they have thought about leaving. Europe is spending half a billion euros to receive them. The brain drain is not a future risk — it is a present condition, and the NSB firing is another acceleration.
Sources: Al Jazeera (Qatar, state-funded/editorially independent — Beachy quote, broader agency dismantling framing, confirmed this session); Nature via Scientific American (scientific publisher — McCrary quote, OMB bypassing board, termination email text, confirmed this session); AAAS Science (scientific publisher — Stassun quote, icebreaker directive, O’Neill nomination context, Lofgren quote, confirmed this session); PBS NewsHour via AP (wire — confirmed this session); STAT News (US health and science — ERC application figures, confirmed this session); PBS NewsHour via AP (wire — Nature survey figures, EU Choose Europe initiative, confirmed this session); Big Think (science — Japan ¥100 billion fund, Canada/Australia initiatives, confirmed this session)
3. BRENT AT $111. GAS AT $4.11. THE S&P AT A RECORD HIGH.
On Monday, the S&P 500 closed at 7,173.91 — a record high. The Nasdaq closed at 24,887.10 — also a record. Wall Street’s explanation: the strongest earnings season in three years. Roughly a third of S&P 500 companies report this week — Apple, Microsoft, Amazon, Alphabet, and Meta among them — and of those that have already reported, 84 percent have beaten expectations. Annual S&P 500 earnings growth is now projected at 15.1 percent.
Also on Monday, Brent crude closed at $108.23 per barrel — and by Tuesday morning had climbed further to $111.16, its highest level since March, after Iran’s diplomatic proposal failed to produce a breakthrough and markets concluded that the Strait of Hormuz will not reopen soon. Also on Monday, the average American paid $4.11 for a gallon of regular gasoline — up a cent from the day before, seven cents from last week, and thirteen cents from last month. Gas has risen 38 percent since the war began on February 28, when the national average was $2.98.
These three data points — record stocks, $111 oil, $4.11 gas — are not contradictory. They describe the same economy from three different vantage points, and the distance between those vantage points is the story.
The S&P’s record close is real and is being driven by genuine corporate earnings strength, particularly in megacap technology. But it measures the financial performance of the largest American companies, many of which are not materially exposed to oil prices or consumer spending on fuel. Apple does not refine petroleum. Microsoft’s Azure cloud margins are not affected by pump prices. The companies reporting record earnings this week are, for the most part, insulated from the energy shock that is squeezing the rest of the economy.
The families filling up their tanks are not. The IEA has described the Hormuz disruption as the largest energy supply shock on record. Gasoline futures for delivery at New York Harbor are at their highest level since June 2022. US gasoline stocks have drawn down for ten consecutive weeks. The EIA’s analysis of Brent backwardation — the unusual premium of spot prices over futures — reflects what it called “extreme market tightness in the very short term” as buyers scramble to replace stranded Gulf shipments. Citi’s base case, confirmed this session, projects Brent falling to $80 per barrel by Q4 if the Strait reopens. It has not reopened.
The diplomatic picture is not improving. On Monday, a US official confirmed that Trump “doesn’t love” Iran’s three-phase proposal because it defers the nuclear question — the demand at the center of any deal — to a third stage Iran controls. No counter-proposal has been issued. Brent’s move from $108 to $111 overnight reflects that market assessment directly: traders are pricing a prolonged closure, not an imminent deal. The blockade has now turned back more than 38 ships from Iranian ports. Thousands of vessels and sailors remain stranded in the Persian Gulf.
The May 1 War Powers deadline arrives Thursday. If it passes without congressional authorization or a deal, the administration will face a choice between seeking a vote it has not prepared for, asserting that the law is unconstitutional and proceeding anyway, or finding some other mechanism to resolve the stalemate. None of those options resolves the energy shock. The pump price and the Brent price will keep moving regardless of what happens on Capitol Hill.
🇺🇸 What American readers need to know: The stock market’s record high is not a measure of how the war is going for ordinary Americans. Gas is $4.11 and climbing because $111 oil hasn’t fully hit pump prices yet — the two-week lag between crude and retail means what’s happening at the refinery today shows up at the station next week. The Hormuz disruption is now in its ninth week with no resolution in sight. The families who fill up their tanks every week are paying for a war the financial markets have largely absorbed. Those are not the same economy.
Sources: Trading Economics (market data — Brent $111.16, highest since March 2026, confirmed this session); CNBC (markets — Monday Brent close $108.23, ING analyst quote, confirmed this session); Forbes (US business — gas $4.11/gallon, daily/weekly/monthly change, confirmed this session); EIA (US government — Brent backwardation analysis, extreme market tightness framing, confirmed this session); CNBC (markets — S&P 500 and Nasdaq record closes, earnings season data, confirmed this session)
4. THE IDF CHIEF OF STAFF SAYS HIS SOLDIERS ARE LOOTING. MSF SAYS ISRAEL IS USING WATER AS A WEAPON.
Last Thursday, Haaretz published a disclosure that had not come from a whistleblower, an NGO, or an opposing government. It came from the Israeli military’s own chief of staff. IDF Chief of Staff Eyal Zamir, speaking at a conference attended by senior command staff at Ramat David airbase, confirmed that Israeli soldiers had been looting significant amounts of civilian property from homes and businesses in southern Lebanon. “I want you to understand: looting is disgraceful and we will not become such an army,” Zamir said. He announced that he was appointing a team to investigate each case individually and that “wherever it is found that looting took place during the war, the punishments will be severe.” He did not dispute that it had taken place. He instructed commanders to conduct thorough investigations within their own units.
The IDF has been conducting ground operations in southern Lebanon since March 16, when five divisions entered Lebanese territory. The stated mission was to push Hezbollah north of the Litani River and destroy military infrastructure near the border. Israeli forces have since expanded their operational footprint to include evacuation orders north of the Litani and, as of Monday, strikes in the Bekaa Valley — the first in that area since the ceasefire took effect April 16. The ground presence in the south is now in its seventh week, and the disclosure of systematic looting describes what seven weeks of occupation looks like on the ground for the civilian population that has not fled.
The looting disclosure lands alongside a broader pattern of documentation in Lebanon. Human Rights Watch reported in March that Israel was unlawfully using white phosphorus. A UNIFIL base was struck by Israeli tank fire — the IDF acknowledged it and said it regretted it. Six hospitals have fully closed; fifteen have sustained partial damage. The OHCHR’s April 23 human rights update documented residential bombardments across towns and villages, mass displacement, and repeated strikes on civilian infrastructure. The Lebanese Health Ministry’s cumulative count stands at more than 2,500 killed since March 2, including at least 177 children, 277 women, and 100 medical workers.
The looting story does not stand alone. It stands within that cumulative record — and that record now has a counterpart in Gaza.
This morning, Doctors Without Borders published a report titled “Water as a Weapon.” The medical organization, which operates in both Gaza and Lebanon, found that Israeli authorities are systematically depriving people in Gaza of the water they need to survive. The report describes the destruction of civilian water infrastructure coupled with obstruction of humanitarian access as “engineered scarcity” — and calls it “an integral part of Israel’s genocide” occurring “alongside direct killing of civilians, the devastation of health facilities, and the destruction of homes.” The language is MSF’s own. The organization described it as a campaign of “collective punishment.”
The MSF report is not the first documentation of this specific pattern. On April 20, Israeli fire killed two Palestinian water delivery truck drivers at the Mansoura water filling port in northern Gaza — the only operational truck filling point for the Mekorot water supply line serving Gaza City — during routine water trucking operations with no changes in movement or procedures, according to UNICEF. UNICEF suspended activities at the site and called on Israel to investigate immediately. A separate Israeli drone strike the same day targeted a water desalination plant in the Shuja’iyya neighborhood, killing one civilian and injuring two others. UN experts have previously stated that Israel uses “thirst as a weapon to kill Palestinians.” As of July 2025, 89 percent of Gaza’s water and sanitation infrastructure had been damaged or destroyed by Israeli forces. Rebuilding it, per assessments by Oxfam’s partner the Coastal Municipalities Water Utility, will cost approximately $800 million.
Hezbollah’s operations have continued in parallel with the Israeli ground presence in Lebanon. The group has struck Israeli troops repeatedly during the nominal ceasefire, including drone attacks on IDF positions and a missile strike on a tank in southern Lebanon on Monday. The ceasefire framework, extended by three weeks on Thursday, has produced the deadliest day in Lebanon since its announcement — Sunday’s 14 killed — and Israel’s first Bekaa Valley strikes since it took effect. It is a ceasefire in name.
Also developing: The Global Sumud Flotilla departed Sicily Sunday and is now at sea in the Mediterranean, bound for Gaza with more than 60 vessels and 1,000 participants. No intercept has been reported. Israel has not stated its intentions. The last flotilla was boarded in international waters in October 2025.
🇺🇸 What American readers need to know: Two things were confirmed this week about Israeli military conduct across two fronts — by two entirely different kinds of sources. The IDF’s own chief of staff confirmed his soldiers are looting civilian homes in Lebanon. MSF confirmed this morning that Israel is systematically destroying and blocking access to water in Gaza — calling it engineered scarcity and collective punishment. These are not accusations from hostile governments. One is from the commander of the Israeli military. The other is from one of the most credible medical organizations on earth. The United States has provided weapons, intelligence, and diplomatic cover for operations in both theaters. The question of what conditions, if any, Washington attaches to that support is not abstract. It is a question about accountability for what is being documented, in real time, by the institutions we have historically trusted to tell us the truth.
Sources: Haaretz (Israel, centre-left — Zamir looting statement, confirmed this session); AFP via Japan Times (wire — MSF “Water as a Weapon” report, collective punishment framing, confirmed this session); JURIST via Ottawa Law (legal news — UNICEF suspension, Mansoura water port killings, desalination strike, confirmed this session); Reuters via Al-Monitor (wire — Bekaa strikes, ground operations context, confirmed this session); OHCHR (UN primary source — Lebanon human rights update April 23, confirmed this session); Human Rights Watch (advocacy — white phosphorus, confirmed this session — labeled); AFP via Korea Herald (wire — Lebanon Health Ministry cumulative toll, confirmed this session)
5. THE IRAN STALEMATE, DAY 59
Iran’s three-phase diplomatic proposal — Hormuz first, nuclear file last — has now been in Washington’s hands for 48 hours. The response, delivered by a US official to multiple outlets Monday, was terse: Trump “doesn’t love” the proposal because it does not address Iran’s nuclear program. No formal rejection has been issued. No counter-proposal has been announced. No talks are scheduled.
The market’s assessment of that non-answer is $111 Brent. Futures rose 2.71 percent overnight — their highest level since March — as traders concluded that the Hormuz closure will continue. The blockade has now turned back more than 38 ships from Iranian ports. Thousands of vessels and sailors remain stranded in the Persian Gulf. The IEA has described the disruption as the largest energy supply shock on record.
The diplomatic picture is not static, even if the public posture is. Pakistan’s foreign ministry confirmed Monday it is continuing to work as an active intermediary, with Islamabad seeking to bridge the gap between Iran’s phased sequencing and Washington’s insistence on nuclear commitments upfront. Oman, which brokered earlier rounds of talks, has not stepped back. Araghchi’s Monday meeting with Putin in St. Petersburg produced a Russian reaffirmation that Moscow is prepared to take custody of Iran’s enriched uranium as a Phase 3 mechanism — an offer Trump has reportedly rejected, not wanting to give Russia additional leverage over nuclear material.
Thursday is the May 1 War Powers deadline. Under the 1973 War Powers Resolution, the president must obtain congressional authorization by that date or begin withdrawing forces. The administration has sought neither authorization nor supplemental appropriations. Republican senators including Josh Hawley and John Curtis have said publicly the law requires a vote. Vice President Vance has called the War Powers Act “fundamentally a fake and unconstitutional law.” No previous president has been forced to end a military action by the law’s operation — but no previous president has conducted a war of this scale without authorization while oil sits at $111 and gas climbs at the pump.
🇺🇸 What American readers need to know: The war is in its 59th day. The diplomatic channel is alive but has produced no progress in 48 hours. Brent hit $111 this morning. The War Powers deadline is Thursday. The administration has not sought a congressional vote, has not announced a counter-proposal, and has not scheduled talks. The stalemate is not a pause in negotiations — there are no negotiations. It is an active standoff with a legal deadline attached, and the clock is running.
Sources: AP via PBS NewsHour (wire — Trump rejection framing, proposal details, confirmed this session); Trading Economics (market data — Brent $111.16, confirmed this session); Al Jazeera (Qatar, state-funded/editorially independent — War Powers deadline, Republican senator quotes, confirmed this session); Foreign Policy (US specialist — Bacon and Hawley quotes, confirmed this session)
WAR DAY 59 | NUMBERS AT PUBLICATION
🇮🇷 Iran: 3,636+ killed (HRANA floor estimate — 1,701 civilians, 1,221 military, 714 unclassified; FROZEN since Day 38/April 7; no updated HRANA report confirmed this session)
🇱🇧 Lebanon: At least 2,509 killed, 7,755 wounded (Lebanon Health Ministry — last confirmed April 26 via AFP; no updated Ministry figure confirmed this session)
🇮🇱 Israel: At least 28 killed (last confirmed this session — not yet updated on Al Jazeera live tracker)
🌍 Gulf states: At least 28 killed in Iran-attributed attacks (Al Jazeera live tracker — last confirmed Day 44; not updated this session)
🇺🇸 US military: 13 deaths confirmed (CENTCOM — unchanged)
🛢️ Brent crude: $111.16/barrel (Trading Economics, confirmed this session — highest since March 2026; up 2.71% overnight)
⛽ US gas: $4.11/gallon regular (Forbes, April 27 — up $0.01 from prior day, $0.07 from last week, $0.13 from last month)
📈 US markets: S&P 500 and Nasdaq at all-time record highs Monday — S&P +0.12% to 7,173.91; Nasdaq +0.20% to 24,887.10; Dow −0.13% to 49,167.79 (CNBC, confirmed this session)
Sourcing note: Iran civilian casualties sourced to HRANA (US-based Human Rights Activists News Agency), which relies on a network of activists inside Iran and represents a floor estimate. AP is running a separate figure of 3,375 for Iran reflecting a different methodology. ROTWR continues to use the HRANA floor estimate per locked methodology. Methodology differs between all sources; figures should not be treated as directly comparable.
WATCH LIST
🔴 May 1 War Powers deadline. Three days. The administration has not sought congressional authorization, has not sought supplemental appropriations, and has publicly called the law unconstitutional. Republican senators are on the record saying the law requires a vote. Watch for any White House move to preempt — a deal announcement, a congressional outreach, or an assertion that the law does not apply.
🟡 Iran proposal — US counter-response. Trump “doesn’t love” the three-phase proposal. No counter-proposal has been issued. No talks are scheduled. Brent at $111 reflects the market’s assessment. Watch for any Pakistani or Omani readout, and any signal from the Situation Room.
🟡 Flotilla. At sea. No intercept. Israel has not stated its intentions. The last intercept was in international waters. Watch for any Israeli naval movement in the next 48 hours.
“Whenever the people are well informed, they can be trusted with their own government.” — Thomas Jefferson, 1789